A primary care physician’s approach to a child with meningitis

Abstract

Background: Paediatric meningitis remains a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In children the peak age for meningitis is six to 12 months old, with 90% of cases occurring in children younger than five years. It is imperative that a primary healthcare physician be aware of and is capable of managing this life-threatening condition as most caregivers first present to a primary healthcare physician with their sick child.
Discussion: Common symptoms are headaches, photophobia, drowsiness, fatigue, unexplained crying, convulsions, irritability, and lethargy. Signs include fever, vomiting, neck stiffness and signs of increased intracranial pressure. Acute bacterial meningitis, especially meningococcal meningitis can present with petechiae and/or purpura. Cranial nerve palsy occurs commonly in cryptococcal meningitis, which can occur as part of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Older children may present with behavioural changes and localising signs such as hemiparesis and coma.
Conclusion: This paper discusses the lumbar puncture technique and findings, drug and non-drug management, information on chemoprophylaxis for bacterial meningitis, and the possible complications of meningitis in children. This is an important area for the primary care physician as they are usually the first port of call by caregivers.